The American Invasion of Canada Read online

  The American

  Invasion of Canada

  The conquest of Canada is

  in our power. I trust I shall

  not be deemed presumptive when

  I state that I verily believe

  that the militia of Kentucky

  are alone competent to place

  Montreal and Upper Canada

  at your feet.

  Henry Clay, to the

  United States Senate,

  February 22, 1810.

  The American

  Invasion of Canada

  The War of 1812’s First Year

  Pierre Berton

  Copyright © 1980, 2011 by Pierre Berton

  All Rights Reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without the express written consent of the publisher, except in the case of brief excerpts in critical reviews or articles. All inquiries should be addressed to Skyhorse Publishing, 307 West 36th Street, 11th Floor, New York, NY 10018.

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  10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

  Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available on file.

  ISBN: 978-1-61608-335-9

  eISBN: 978-1-62087-498-1

  Printed in The United States of America

  Originally Published in Canada as: The Invasion of Canada: 1812-1813

  Books by Pierre Berton

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  Just Add Water and Stir The Great Railway

  Adventures of a Columnist The Klondike Quest

  Fast Fast Fast Relief Pierre Berton's Picture Book

  The Big Sell. of Niagara Falls

  The Comfortable Pew Winter

  The Cool, Crazy, Committed The Great Lakes

  World of the Sixties Seacoasts

  The Smug Minority Pierre Berton's Canada

  The National Dream Anthologies

  The Last Spike Great Canadians

  Drifting Home Pierre and Janet Berton's

  Hollywood's Canada Canadian Food Guide

  My Country Historic Headlines

  The Dionne Years Farewell to the Twentieth Century

  The Wild Frontier Worth Repeating

  The Invasion of Canada Welcome to the Twenty-first

  Flames Across the Border Century

  Why We Act Like Canadians

  The Promised Land Fiction

  Vimy Masquerade (pseudonym

  Starting Out Lisa Kroniuk)

  The Arctic Grail Books for Young Readers

  The Great Depression The Golden Trail

  Niagara: A History of the Falls The Secret World of Og

  My Times: Living with History Adventures in Canadian History

  196?, The Last Good Year (22 volumes)

  CONTENTS

  Cast of Characters

  PREVIEW: Porter Hanks’s War

  OVERVIEW

  The War of 1812

  PRELUDE TO INVASION: 1807-1811

  1The Road to Tippecanoe

  PRELUDE TO INVASION: 1812

  2Marching As to War

  MICHILIMACKINAC

  3The Bloodless Victory

  DETROIT

  4The Disintegration of William Hull

  CHICAGO

  5J Horror on Lake Michigan

  QUEENSTON HEIGHTS

  6The End of Isaac Brock

  BLACK ROCK

  7Opera Bouffe on the Niagara

  FRENCHTOWN

  8Massacre at the River Raisin

  AFTERVIEW

  The New War

  CODA: William Atherton’s War

  Sources and Acknowledgements

  Notes

  Select Bibliography

  Index

  Maps

  The Strategic Significance of Michilimackinac

  American Invasion Strategy, Summer, 1812

  The Theatre of War

  American-Indian Battles, 1790-1794

  Harrison’s Purchase

  Tecumseh’s Frontier

  The Wabash

  The Battle of Tippecanoe

  Hull’s March to Detroit

  The Wisconsin-Fox Portage

  Michilimackinac Island

  The Detroit Frontier

  Baynes’s Journey to Albany

  Brock’s Passage to Amherstburg

  The Capture of Detroit

  Mrs. Simmons’s Trek

  The Niagara Frontier

  The Battle of Queenston Heights

  Harrison’s Three-Column Drive to the Maumee Rapids

  American Search and Destroy Missions against the Tribes,

  Autumn, 1812.

  The Battle of Frenchtown

  Maps by Geoffrey Matthews

  Cast of Characters

  PRELUDE TO INVASION

  British and Canadians

  Sir James Craig, Governor General of Canada, 1807-11.

  Sir George Prevost, Governor General of the Canadas and commander of the forces, 1811-15.

  Francis Gore, Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, 1806-17. On leave in England, 1811-15.

  Major-General Isaac Brock, Administrator of Upper Canada and commander of the forces in Upper Canada, 1810-12.

  William Claus, Deputy Superintendent, Indian Department, Upper Canada, 1806-26.

  Matthew Elliott, Superintendent of Indian Affairs at Amherst-burg, 1796-97; 1808-14.

  Robert Dickson (known as Mascotapah, the Red-Haired Man), fur trader. Led Menominee, Winnebago, and Sioux in attack on Michilimackinac.

  Augustus Foster, British Minister Plenipotentiary to America, 1811-12.

  Americans

  Thomas Jefferson, President, 1801-9.

  James Madison, President, 1809-17.

  William Eustis, Secretary of War, 1809-12.

  William Henry Harrison, Governor, Indiana Territory, 1800-1813. Commander of the Army of the Northwest from September, 1812.

  William Hull, Governor, Michigan Territory, 1805-12. Commander of the Army of the Northwest, April-August, 1812.

  Henry Dearborn, Secretary of War, 1801-9. Senior major-general, U.S. Army, 1812-13.

  Henry Clay, Speaker of the House of Representatives, November, 1811. Leader of the War Hawks.

  Indian Leaders

  The Prophet. Born Laulewausika; later Tenskwatawa.

  Tecumseh, the Prophet’s older brother, leader of the Indian Confederacy.

  THE DETROIT FRONTIER

  Isaac Brock’s Command: Summer, 1812

  Thomas Bligh St. George, Lieutenant-Colonel; commanding officer, Fort Amherstburg.

  Henry Procter, Lieutenant-Colonel; succeeded St. George as commanding officer, Fort Amherstburg.

  J.B. Glegg, Major; Brock’s military aide.

  John Macdonell, Lieutenant-Colonel; Brock’s provincial aide, Acting Attorney-General of Upper Canada.

  Adam Muir, Major, 41st Regiment.

  William Hull’s Command: Summer, 1812

  Duncan McArthur, Colonel, 1st Regiment, Ohio Volunteers.

  James Findlay, Colonel, 2nd Regiment, Ohio Volunteers.

  Lewis Cass, Colonel, 3rd Regiment, Ohio Volunteers.

  James Miller
, Lieutenant-Colonel, 4th U.S. Infantry (regular army).

  Henry Procter’s Command: Winter, 1812-13

  Ebenezer Reynolds, Major, Essex Militia.

  Roundhead, Wyandot chief.

  William Henry Harrison’s Command: Winter, 1812-13

  James Winchester, Brigadier-General; commander, left wing, Army of the Northwest.

  John Allen, Lieutenant-Colonel, 1st Kentucky Rifles.

  William Lewis, Lieutenant-Colonel, 5 th Regiment, Kentucky Volunteers.

  Samuel Wells, Lieutenant-Colonel, 17th U.S. Infantry (regular army).

  THE NIAGARA FRONTIER

  Isaac Brock’s Command: Fall, 1812

  Christopher Myers, Lieutenant-Colonel; commanding officer, Fort George.

  Roger Hale Sheaffe, Major-General; second-in-command to Brock. Commanded British forces on Brock’s death.

  Thomas Evans, Brigade Major, Fort George.

  John Dennis, Captain, 49th Regiment; commander of flank company defending Queenston.

  John Williams, Captain, 49th Regiment.

  James Crooks, Captain, 1st Lincoln Militia.

  William Holcroft, Captain, Royal Artillery.

  Frederic Rolette, Lieutenant, Provincial Marine.

  Robert Irvine, Second-Lieutenant, Provincial Marine.

  John Brant, Mohawk chief.

  John Norton, Captain, Indian Department; leader of Mohawks.

  Henry Dearborn’s Command: Fall, 1812

  Stephen Van Rensselaer, Major-General, New York state militia; senior commander on the Niagara frontier.

  Solomon Van Rensselaer, Lieutenant-Colonel; cousin and aide-de-camp to Stephen Van Rensselaer.

  John Lovett, Major; aide to Stephen and Solomon Van Rensselaer. In charge of artillery at Fort Grey at Battle of Queenston Heights.

  William Wadsworth, Brigadier-General, Upper New York State militia.

  Alexander Smyth, Brigadier-General, regular army, Niagara frontier. Replaced Stephen Van Rensselaer following Battle of Queenston Heights.

  John Chrystie, Lieutenant-Colonel, 13th U.S. Infantry (regular army).

  John Fenwick, Lieutenant-Colonel, U.S. Light Artillery.

  John E. Wool, Captain, 13th U.S. Infantry.

  Winfield Scott, Lieutenant-Colonel, 2nd U.S. Artillery.

  Peter B. Porter, Quartermaster General, Upper New York State. Member of the War Hawk faction in Congress.

  Jesse D. Elliott, Lieutenant, U.S. Navy.

  The Strategic Significance of Michilimackinac

  PREVIEW: Porter Hanks’s War

  MICHILIMACKINAC ISLAND, MICHIGAN TERRITORY, U.S.A. The small hours of a soft July morning in 1812.

  The lake is silent, save for the whisper of waves lapping the shoreline. In the starlight, the island’s cliffs stand out darkly against the surrounding flatland. In the fort above the village at the southern tip the American commander, Lieutenant Porter Hanks, lies asleep, ignorant of a war that will tragically affect his future. Napoleon has entered Russia; Wellington is pushing toward Madrid; and in Washington, the die has been cast for invasion. But history has passed Hanks by. It is nine months since he has heard from Washington; for all he knows of the civilized world he might as well be on the moon.

  The civilized world ends at the Detroit River, some 350 miles to the southeast as the canoe travels. Mackinac Island is its outpost; a minor Gibraltar lying in the narrows between Lakes Huron and Michigan. Whoever controls it controls the routes to the fur country — the domain of the Nor’Westers beyond Superior and the no man’s land of the upper Missouri and Mississippi It is a prize worth fighting for.

  Hanks slumbers on, oblivious of a quiet bustling in the village directly below-of low knockings, whispers, small children’s plaints quickly hushed, rustlings, soft footsteps, the creak of cartwheels on grass—slumbers fitfully his dreams troubled by a growing uneasiness, until the drum roll of reveille wakes him. He suspects something is going to happen. He has’ been seven years a soldier knows trouble when he sees it, has watched it paddling by him for a week. An extraordinary number of Indians have been passing the fort, apparently on their way to the British garrison at St. Joseph’s Island, forty-five miles to the northeast, just beyond the border. Why? The answers are strangely evasive. The Ottawa and Chippewa chiefs, once so friendly, have turned suspiciously cool On the British side, it is said, the tribes have gathered by the hundreds from distant frontiers: Sioux from the upper Mississippi, Winnebago from the Wisconsin country, Menominee from the shores of Green Bay.

  Hanks peers over the palisades of the fort and gazes down on the village below, a crescent of whitewashed houses, following the curve of a pebbled beach. He sees at once that something is wrong. For the village is not sleeping; it is dead. No curl of smoke rises above the cedar-bark roofs; no human cry echoes across the waters of the lake; no movement ruffles the weeds that edge the roadway.

  What is going on? Hanks dispatches his second-in-command, Lieutenant Archibald Darragh, to find out. But he does not need to wait for Darragh’s report. Clambering up the slope comes his only other commissioned officer, the surgeon’s mate, Sylvester Day, who prefers to live in the village. Dr. Day’s breathless report is blunt: British redcoats and Indians have landed at the opposite end of the island. All the villagers have been collected quietly and, for their own safety, herded into an old distillery under the bluff at the west end of town. Three of the most prominent citizens are under guard as hostages.

  Hanks reacts instantly to this news: musters his men, stocks his blockhouses with ammunition, charges his field pieces, follows the book. He must know that he is merely playing soldier, for he has fewer than sixty effective troops under his command – men rendered stale by their frontier exile. Presently he becomes aware of a British six-pounder on the forested bluff above, pointing directly into his bastion. Through the spring foliage he can see the flash of British scarlet and – the ultimate horror – the dark forms of their native allies. A single word forms in his mind, a truly terrible word for anyone with frontier experience: massacre – visions of mutilated bodies, decapitated children, disembowelled housewives, scalps bloodying the pickets.

  Hanks can fight to the last man and become a posthumous hero. If it were merely the aging troops of Fort St. Joseph that faced him, he might be prepared to do just that. But to the last woman? To the last child? Against an enemy whose savagery is said to be without limits?

  A white flag flutters before him. Under its protection a British truce party marches into the fort, accompanied by the three civilian hostages. The parley is brief and to the point. Hanks must surrender. The accompanying phrase “or else” hangs unspoken in the air. The hostages urge him to accept, but it is doubtful whether he needs their counsel. He agrees to everything; the fort and the island will become British. The Americans must take the oath of allegiance to the King or leave. His troops are to be paroled to their homes. Until exchanged they can take no further part in the war.

  The war? What war? The date is July 17. A full month has passed since the United States declared war on Great Britain, but this is the first Hanks has heard of it. An invasion force has already crossed the Detroit River into Canada and skirmished with the British, but nobody in Washington, it seems, has grasped the urgency of a speedy warning to the western flank of the American frontier. It is entirely characteristic of this senseless and tragic conflict that it should have its beginnings in this topsy-turvy fashion, with the invaders invaded in a trackless wilderness hundreds of miles from the nerve centres of command.

  For its dereliction the American government will pay dear. This bloodless battle is also one of the most significant. The news of the capture of Michilimackinac Island will touch off a chain of events that will frustrate the Americans in their attempt to seize British North America, an enterprise that most of them believe to be, in Thomas Jefferson’s much-quoted phrase, “a mere matter of marching.”

  THE INVASION OF CANADA, which began in the early summer of 1812 and petered out in the late fall of
1814, was part of a larger conflict that has come to be known in North America as the War of 1812. That war was the by-product of a larger struggle, which saw Napoleonic France pitted for almost a decade against most of Europe. It is this complexity, a war within a war within a war, like a nest of Chinese boxes, that has caused so much confusion. The watershed date “1812” has different connotations for different people. And, as in Alice’s famous caucus race, everybody seems to have won something, though there were no prizes. The Russians, for instance, began to win their own War of 1812 against Napoleon in the very week in which the British and Canadians were repulsing the invading Americans at Queenston Heights. The Americans won the last battle of their War of 1812 in the first week of 1815-a victory diminished by the fact that peace had been negotiated fifteen days before. The British, who beat Napoleon, could also boast that they “won” the North American war because the Treaty of Ghent, which settled the matter, had nothing to say about the points at issue and merely maintained the status quo.

  This work deals with the war that Canada won, or to put it more precisely did not lose, by successfully repulsing the armies that tried to invade and conquer British North America. The war was fought almost entirely in Upper Canada, whose settlers, most of them Americans, did not invite the war, did not care about the issues, and did not want to fight. They were the victims of a clash between two major powers who, by the accident of geography, found it convenient to settle their differences by doing violence to the body of another. The invasion of Canada was not the first time that two armies have bloodied neutral ground over issues that did not concern the inhabitants; nor has it been the last.

  Of all the wars fought by the English-speaking peoples, this was one of the strangest-a war entered into blindly and fought (also blindly) by men out of touch not only with reality but also with their own forces. Washington was separated from the fighting frontier by hundreds of miles of forest, rock, and swamp. The ultimate British authority was an ocean away and the nominal authority a fortnight distant from the real command. Orders could take days, weeks, even months to reach the troops.